apsc history Archives

Important Historical Monuments of India – Notes for APSC, ADRE & other Assam Govt job exams

Posted on December 19, 2023December 19, 2023 by admin

Important Historical Monuments of India – GK Notes for APSC, ADRE & other Assam Govt job exams

Monuments of India portray tradition and diverse cultural brilliance. They are spread across the length and breadth of the country. Historical monuments act as authentic shielding pillars of remarkable artistic mastery. India is rich in civilisation, heritage establishments, royal abodes, and sanctuaries.

Some of the most famous monuments of India include the Red Fort, Konark Sun Temple, Taj Mahal, Golconda Fort, Gateway of India, Golden Temple, India Gate, Ellora and Ajanta Caves, Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram, Qutab Minar, etc.

Monuments are structures or buildings well-known for their culture and architectural legacy. They are long-lasting and popular emblems of Indian history as they depict political and historical information about them.

Monuments of India	Built by	Year/Century	Place
Agra Fort	Akbar	1573 AD	Agra (UP)
Agra city	Sikandar Lodi	–
Aram Bagh	Babur	1528 AD
Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daula	Noor Jahan	1628 AD
Jama Masjid	Shah Jahan	1648 AD
Shish Mahal	Shahjahan	1632 AD
Taj Mahal	Shahjahan	1653 AD
Fatehpur Sikri Jodha Bai Palace Birbal Palace Panch Mahal Buland Darwaza	Akbar	16th century

Akbar’s Tomb	Akbar and his son Jahangir	1613 AD	Sikandra, Agra (UP)
Deewan-E- Khas	Shahjahan	–	Agra Fort, Agra (UP)
Moti Masjid	Shahjahan	1635 AD	Agra Fort, Agra (UP)
Anand Bhawan	Motilal Nehru	1930 AD	Allahabad, (UP)
Bada Imambara	Asaf-ud-daula	1785 AD	Lucknow (UP)
Chhota Imambara	Muhammad Ali Shah	–	Lucknow (UP)
Jantar Mantar	Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II	1724-1738 AD	Mathura (UP)
Jantar Mantar	Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II	1724-1739 AD	Varanasi (UP)
Rock cut temple	Mahendravarman-I	8th century	Mamallapuram (Tamil Nadu)
Shore temple	Narasimhavarman-II	8th century	Mamallapuram (Tamil Nadu)
Kailasanathar Temple	Narasimhavarman-II	685-705 AD	Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)
Airavatesvara Temple	Rajaraja I	12th century	Darasuram (Tamil Nadu)
Brihadeshwara Temple	Rajaraja Chola I	1010 AD	Tanjore (Tamil Nadu)
Gangaikondacholapuram	Rajendra I	12th century	Gangaikonda cholapuram (Tamil Nadu)
Saint George Fort	East India Company	1644 AD	Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
Meenakshi Temple	–	–	Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Adhai Din Ka Jhopra	Qutubuddin Aibak	1192 AD	Ajmer (Rajasthan)
Dargah Ajmer Sharif	Sultan Shyasuddin	–	Ajmer (Rajasthan)
Hawa Mahal	Maharaja Pratap Singh	1799 AD	Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Nahargarh Fort	Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II	1734 AD
Jaigarh Fort	Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II	1726 AD
Vijaya Stambha	Maharana Kumbha	1448 AD	Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)
Dilwara Jain Temple	Vimal Shah	1582 AD	Mount Abu (Rajasthan)
Bharatpur Fort	Raja Surajmal Singh	19th century	Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
Amber Fort	Man Singh I	1592 AD	Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Jantar Mantar	Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II	1724-1736 AD	Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Mehrangarh Fort	Rao Jodha	1460 AD	Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Jantar Mantar	Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II	1724-1737 AD	Ujjain (MP)
Khajuraho Temples	Chandelas	950-1050 AD	MP
Char Minar	Quli Qutub Shah	1591 AD	Hyderabad (Telangana)
Macca Masjid	Quli Qutub Shah	1694 AD
Golconda Fort	Qutub Shahi rulers	16th century
Shri Venkateswara Temple	–	–	Andhra Pradesh
Ajanta Caves	Gupta rulers	4-10th century	Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
Bibi Ka Maqbara	Aurangzeb	1661 AD	Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
Ellora Caves	Rashtrakuta rulers	6-10th century	Maharashtra
Elephanta Caves	Rashtrakuta rulers	5-9 century	Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Gateway of India	British Govt.	20th century	Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Vikramasila Monastery	Dharma Pala	8th century	Bihar
Nalanda University	Kumargupta I	–	Bihar
Shershah’s Tomb	Shershah’s son	1545 AD	Sasaram (Bihar)
Purana Qila	Shershah Suri	16th century	Delhi
Safdar Jung Tomb	Shuja-ud-Daula	1754 AD
Qutub Minar	Qutubuddin Aibak	1193 AD
Alai Darwaza	Alauddin Khiliji	1311 AD
Hauz Khas	Alauddin Khilji	–
Ferozshah Kotla	Ferozshan Tughlaq	–
Khirki Masjid	Ghyasuddin Tughlaq	1354 AD
Humayun’s Tomb	Empress Bega Begum	1533 AD
Jama Masjid	Shahjahan	1656 AD
Red Fort	Shahjahan	1639 AD
Moti Masjid	Aurangzeb	1660 AD	Delhi Fort, Delhi
Jantar Mantar	Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II	1724-1735 AD	New Delhi
India Gate	Edwin Lutyens (Architect)	–	New Delhi
Lal Bagh	Hyder Ali	1760 AD	Bengaluru (Karnataka)
Gol Gumbaz (largest dome in India)	Muhammad Adil Shah	1656 AD	Bijapur, Karnataka
Hampi Monuments	–	–	Karnataka
Swarna Mandir (Golden Temple)	Guru Ram Das with the fifth, Guru Arjan	1577 AD	Amritsar (Punjab)
Shantiniketan	Rabindra Nath Tagore	19th century	West Bengal
Victoria Memorial	British Govt.	1921 AD	Kolkata (West Bengal)
Sun Temple	Narsimhadeva I	1250 AD	Konark (Odisha)
Jagannath Temple	Anantvarman Ganga	1161 AD	Puri (Odisha)
Shalimar Garden	Jahangir	1619 AD	Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir)

Sabarmati Ashram	Mahatma Gandhi	Gujarat	Ahmadabad
Ajanta- Ellora Caves	Gupta rulers	Maharashtra	Aurangabad
Ajmer Sharif Dargah	Sultan Shyasuddin	Rajasthan	Ajmer
Jodhpur Fort	Rao Jodha	Rajasthan	Jodhpur
Belur Math	Swami Vivekananda	West Bengal	Kolkata
Victoria Memorial	British Govt.	West Bengal	Kolkata

State	Monument	Place	Built by
Bihar	Golghar	Patna	British Govt.
	Pathar Ki Masjid	Patna	Pervez Shah
	Sher Shah’s Tomb	Sasaram	Mir Muhammad Aliwal Khan
	Vishnupad Temple	Gaya	Rani Ahilyabai
Delhi	Feroz Shah Kotla	Delhi	Ferozshan Tughlaq
	Hauz Khas	Delhi	Alauddin Khilji
	Humayun Tomb	Delhi	Empress Bega Begum
	Jama Masjid	Delhi	Shahjahan
	Jantar-Mantar	Delhi	Sawai Jai Singh
	Lakshmi Narayan Temple	Delhi	Birla Family
	Moti Masjid	Delhi	Aurangzeb
	President House	Delhi	British Govt.
	Qutub Minar	Delhi	Qutubuddin Aibak
	Red Fort	Delhi	Shahjahan
	Safdarjung Tomb	Delhi	Shuja-ud-daula
Gujarat	Sabarmati Ashram	Ahmadabad	Mahatma Gandhi
	Nishat Garden	Srinagar	Asaf Ali
	Shalimar Garden	Srinagar	Jahangir
Karnataka	Gol Gumbaz	Bijapur	Yaqut of Dabul
Maharashtra	Ajanta- Ellora Caves	Aurangabad	Gupta rulers
	Bibi Ka Maqbara	Aurangabad	Aurangzeb
	Elephanta Cave	Mumbai	Rashtrakuta rulers
	Gateway Of India	Mumbai	British Govt.
	Kanheri Fort	Mumbai	Buddhists
Odisha	Jagannath Temple	Puri	Anantavarman Ganga
Odisha	Sun Temple	Konark	Narasimhadeva I
Punjab	Golden Temple	Amritsar	Guru Ramdas
	Bharatpur Fort	Bharatpur	Raja Surajmal Singh
	Dilwara Jain Temple	Mount Abu	Siddharaja
	Hawa Mahal	Jaipur	Maharaja Pratap Singh
	Jaigarh Fort	Jaipur	Sawai Jai Singh
	Jodhpur Fort	Jodhpur	Rao Jodha
	Nahargarh Fort	Jaipur	Sawai Jai Singh
	Vijaya Stambha	Chittorgarh	Maharana Kumbha
Tamil Nadu	Saint George Fort	Chennai	East India Company
Telangana	Char- Minar	Hyderabad	Quli Qutub Shah
Telangana	Makka Masjid	Hyderabad	Quli Qutub Shah
UP	Agra Fort	Agra	Akbar
	Anand Bhawan	Allahabad	Motilal Nehru
	Deewan-E- Khas	Agra Fort	Shahjahan
	Fatehpur Sikri	Agra	Akbar
	Moti Masjid	Agra	Shahjahan
	Shish Mahal	Agra	Shahjahan
	Taj Mahal	Agra	Shahjahan
West Bengal	Shantiniketan	West Bengal	Rabindranath Tagore
West Bengal	Victoria Memorial	Kolkata	British Govt.

The important monuments of India are designed and nurtured by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). To conclude, UP has the highest number of monuments (741), whereas Manipur has the lowest (1).

Important Monuments in Assam & North-East India states

Assam	55
Tripura	8
Mizoram	8
Meghalaya	8
Arunachal Pradesh	5
Nagaland	4
Sikkim	3
Manipur	1

Burmese Invasion of Assam – (Assam of History) Late Ahom Period

Posted on June 5, 2023March 27, 2024 by admin

Burmese Invasion of Assam (Late Ahom Period) : Assam History Study Materials & Notes

Assam History APSC Exam Notes

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Burmese Invasion of Assam – Late Ahom Period History

The Burmese invasion in Assam is a significant event in Assam’s history. There were three Burmese invasions of Assam between 1817 and 1826, during which time the Kingdom of Assam came under the control of Burma from 1821 to 1825.

Main Causes of Burmese Invasion of Assam

During the 18th century, the Burmese kings started their territorial expansion on a large-scale. The Burmese king Alaungpaya invaded Manipur and Cachar,which were close to the border of Burma.

The Burmese king Bodawpaya also followed the policy of territorial expansion and steadily expanded his realm westward. The Burmese wanted to use Assam as their central military base against the Britishers. In 1784, Bodawpaya attacked and annexed the kingdom of Arakan thus extending the Burmese empire in the entire Bay of Bengal region from Margui Island to Chattagram port.

Frequent internal revolts and conspiracies weakened the power of the Ahom kingdom and its rulers. The Burmese King Bodawpaya offered to help Badan Chandra Borphukan in a battle at Ghiladhari 1817 to defeat Purnanada Burhagohain’s forces and defeated them. Purnananda died of grief on losing the battle. The Burmese army again defeated the Ahoms at Kathalbari and occupied Jorhat. This has strengthened Burmese hold on Assam.

The Burmese became a major political power of the North-east region. The Burmese came into direct contact with Assam. The boundary line of Burma came in a closer proximity to that of the British power, leading to several clashes in the later years.

Major consequences of Burmese Invasion of Assam

Downfall of Ahom empire: The path of the downfall of six hundred years old Ahom rule was set with the Burmese invasion.
Ahom king became a protected king of Burma: Since the Burmese came to help the Ahom king Chandrakanta Singha,remained under the tutelage of the King of Burma.
Political upheavals: The invasion of Assam by the Burmese brought about political and administrative instability in Assam. The weakening of the monarchy led King Chandrakanta Singha to flee to British territory in Bengal. A later king Purandhar Singha also had to follow suit. Thus internal conflicts weakened the military,and the high nobles and officials failed to protect the country.
Affected economy and social balance: The Burmese occupied Assam had adverse effects on the economy as production declined and traders were compelled to wind up their business. Many Assamese customs, ways and beliefs affected their contact with the foreigners. The Burmese invasion created a group of nobles called Duwaniyas, who started exploiting the masses. This created a lot of social upheavals forcing people to run away from their villages into the hills and valleys. All these affected Assamese society considerably.
Led to the first Anglo-Burmese war: The occupation of Assam by the Burmese forces posed a threat to the British power. The Burmese had already conquered Arakan,Manipur,Cachar and the conquest of Assam made them a major political power that challenged British supremacy. British efforts to stop the Burmese from advancing further led to the first Anglo-Burmese War of 1824-1826.
Treaty of Yandaboo: The Anglo-Burmese wars ended with the signing of the famous treaty of Yandaboo,whereby the Burmese were asked to vacate Assam. The treaty allowed the British to occupy Assam.
End of Ahom independence: The occupation of Assam by the Burmese in 1819 marked the end of Ahom independence. Initially, it was occupied by the Burmese and later by the British.

The Burmese invasion of 1819 is a turning point in the history of Assam.

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Important Inscriptions of Kamarupa/Historical Assam region: Assam History Study Materials & Notes

Posted on March 27, 2023March 26, 2024 by admin

Important Inscriptions of Kamarupa/Historical Assam region: Assam History Study Materials & Notes

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Important Inscriptions of Kamarupa region of Ancient and Medieval Assam

The Kamarupa inscriptions are a number of 5th-century to early 13th-century rock, copper plate and clay seal inscriptions associated with the rulers and their subordinates of the Kamarupa region.

Most common language of these inscriptions is Sanskrit. But there appear systematic Prakriticisms that indicate an underlying colloquial Indo-Aryan language, called Kamarupi Prakrit.
The earliest of these inscriptions, the Umachal and Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscriptions, belong to the 5th century and written in a script which was nearly identical to the eastern variety of the Gupta script.
There is a steady evolution in the script over the centuries, and last of the scripts, for example the Kanai-boroxiboa inscription using Kamarupi, a proto-Assamese script. The script continues development as the Medieval Assamese script from the 13th to the 19th century and emerges as the modern Assamese script.

	Name	Kind	Ruler	Date	Present location
1	Umachal	Rock	Surendravarman	5th century	Nilachal Hills, Guwahati
2	Nagajari-Khanikargaon	Rock	–	5th century	Khanikargaon, Golaghat
3	Barganga	Rock	Bhutivarman	6th century	Barganga river, Nagaon
4	Dubi	Copper plate	Bhaskarvarman	7th century	Dubi village, Kamrup
5	Nidhanpur	Copper plate	Bhaskarvarman	7th century	Nidhanpur village, Sylhet, Bangladesh
6	Nalanda	Clay seals	Bhaskarvarman	7th century	Nalanda, site-1, monastery 1
7	Sankara Narayana	Image	Sri Jivara	8th century	Deopani, Golaghat
8	Hari-Hara	Image	Diglekhavarman	8th century	Deopani, Golaghat
9	Tezpur	Rock	Harjaravarman	830 CE	Tezpur
10	Hayunthal	Copper plate	Harjaravarman	9th century	Hayunthal, Karbi Hills
11	Deopani Vishnu	Image	–	9th century	Deopani, Golaghat
12	Tezpur	Copper plate	Vanamalavarmadeva	9th century	Tezpur
13a	Parbatiya	Copper plate	Vanamalavarmadeva	9th century	Parbatiya village, Tezpur
13b	Kaliabor	Copper plate	Vanamalavarmadeva	9th century	Dighali village, Nagaon
14	Uttarbarbil	Copper plate	Balavarman III	9th century	Uttarbarbil village, Karbi Hills
15	Ulubari	Copper plate	Balavarman III	9th century	Ulubari village, Darrang
16	Nagaon	Copper plate	Balavarman III	9th century	Sutargaon village, Nagaon
17	Bargaon	Copper plate	Ratnapala	1035	Naharhabi village, Tezpur
18	Suwalkuci	Copper plate	Ratnapala	1036	Suwalkuci village, Kamrup
19	Coratbari	Copper plate	Ratnapala	11th century	Coratbari village, Nagaon
20	Gauhati	Copper plate	Indrapala	1058	Barpanara village, Kamrup
21	Guwakuci	Copper plate	Indrapala	1071	Guwakuci village, Nalbari
22	Gachtal	Copper plate	Gopalavarman	1080	Gachtal village, Nagaon
23	Subhankarapataka	Copper plate	Dharmapala	12th century	(not known)
24	Pushpabhadra	Copper plate	Dharmapala	12th century	Pushpabhadra river bed, North Guwahati
25	Khonamukh	Copper plate	Dharmapala	12th century	Khonamukh village, Nagaon
26	Kamauli	Copper plate	Vaidyadeva	1142	Kamauli, Uttar Pradesh
27	Assam	Copper plate	Vallabhadeva	1185	Tezpur
28	Kanai-Boroxiboa	Rock	(not known)	1206	North Guwahati
29	Ambari	Stone	Samudrapala	12th-13th centuries	Guwahati
30	Gachtal	Pillar	(not known)	12th-13th centuries	Gachtal, Nagaon
31	Surya	Image	(not known)	9th century	Kaki, Nagaon
32	Gauhati	Copper bell	Srikumara	8th century	Guwahati

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Mughal Invasion of Assam – (Assam of History) Ahom Period

Posted on January 19, 2023January 31, 2024 by admin

Mughal Invasion of Assam (Ahom Period): Assam History Study Materials & Notes

Assam History APSC Exam Notes

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Conflicts & Battles between Ahom Kingdom and Mughal Empire

Ahom–Mughal conflicts started with the first Mughal attack on the Ahom kingdom in Battle of Samdhara in 1616 till the final Battle of Itakhuli in 1682. It ended with the Ahom influence extended to the Manas river which remained the western boundary of the kingdom till Assam came under British Administration in 1826.

Battle of Samdhara was the first battle fought between Mughals and the Ahoms in 1616.

Battle of Alaboi was a battle fought between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire around 5 August 1669. The result was a Mughal victory, but Ram Singh I’s next move to open negotiations for peace. The Assamese also were tired of war, and hostilities were suspended for a time. Soon after the battle of Alaboi, Chakradhwaj Singha died in 1669. He was succeeded by his brother Udayaditya Singha.

Battle of Saraighat was a naval battle fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire (led by the Kachwaha raja, Ram Singh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India. Although weaker, the Ahom Army defeated the Mughal Army by massive army, clever diplomatic negotiations to buy time, guerrilla tactics, psychological warfare, military intelligence and by exploiting the sole weakness of the Mughal forces—its navy. The Battle of Saraighat was the last battle in the last major attempt by the Mughals to extend their empire into Assam.

Battle of Itakhuli was fought in 1682 between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire. The Ahoms pushed back Mughal control to the west of the Manas river. The main battle was fought at a garrison island on the Brahmaputra, in which the Mughal fauzdar, Mansur Khan, was defeated and the remnant of the Mughal forces pursued to the Manas river. With this win, the Ahoms recovered Sarkar Kamrup from the Mughals.

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APSC Prelim 2020 GS Paper – History Sections Question Analysis

Posted on January 6, 2023January 20, 2024 by admin

APSC CCE Prelim 2020 General Studies (GS) Paper-1 Questions Analysis

Questions from Indian History & Assam History Sections

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Q8. When was Assam detached from Bengal presidency and was made a separate Chief Commisionership? (Assam related Qs)

1870
1872
1874
1876

Correct Option: (C) 1874

In 1874, the Assam region was separated from the Bengal Presidency, Sylhet was added to it and its status was upgraded to a Chief Commissioner’s Province, also known as the ‘North-East Frontier‘ non-regulation province. The capital was at Shillong. Assamese, which had been replaced by Bengali as the official language in 1837, was reinstated alongside Bengali.

The new Commissionership included the four districts of Assam proper Nagaon, Darrang, Sibsagar and Lakhimpur), Khasi-Jaintia Hills, Garo Hills, Naga Hills, Goalpara, (Kamrup and Sylhet-Cachar of Bengal comprising about 54,100 sq miles. The people of Sylhet, Goalpara, Kamrup and the Hills protested the inclusion in Assam.

Topic to focus: British Annexation of Assam

British Annexation of Assam (Assam History) – AssamExam

Q15. Which freedom fighter earned the sobriquet ‘the Nightingale of India’?

Annie Besant
Pushpalata Das
Sarojini Naidu
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

Correct Option: (C) Sarojini Naidu

Topic to focus: Modern India – Important Personalities

Q73. During 1540 and 1587, King Naranarayana ruled over undivided Koch kingdom of Kamata and subsequently subjugated the entire Brahmaputra valley including the Ahom, Kachari, Tripura, Manipur kingdoms. What was the real name of King Naranarayana? (Assam related Qs)

Nara Singh
Sukladhvaj
Malla Deb
Parikshit

Correct Option: (C) Malladev

Malladev ascended the throne in 1540, in the same year that his father had died, and acquired the title Narayan, which was to become the dynastic title of his succeeding kings. He issued coins, and his seal was made. He appointed his step-brother Chilarai (then known as Sukladhwaj) the yuvaraj and the commander-in-chief of the military.

Topic to focus: Koch rule in Assam

Q74. The founder of Ahom kingdom, Chaolung Sukapha ruled Assam from 1228 to 1268. After his death, who succeeded him? (Assam related Qs)

Suteupha
Subinpha
Sukhangphaa
Sutupha

Correct Option: (A) Suteuphaa

Topic to focus: Ahom Kingdom & its rulers

Q75. As a great patron of Shakta Hinduism, an Ahom king built Umananda Temple on Peacock Island of Guwahati around 1694 AD. Who was he? (Assam related Qs)

Siva Singha
Rudra Singha
Gadadhar Singha
Rajeswar SIngha

Correct Option: (C) Gadadhar Singha

Umananda Temple is a Shiva temple located at the Peacock Island in the middle of river Brahmaputra. It was built by the Ahom King Gadadhar Singha (1681–1696), who was a devout Shaivaite.

Topic to focus: Historical Architecture & Temples of Assam

Q76. King Siva Singha entrusted Krishnaram Bhattacharya, a Shakta priest from Nawadwip in West Bengal, to manage the Kamakhya Temple. How do we popularly know him? (Assam related Qs)

Kamrupiya Gosain
Kamakhya Gosain
Parbatiya Gosain
Nawadwipor Gosain

Correct Option: (C) Parbatiya Gosain

Topic to focus: Ahom Kingdom & its rulers

Q77. Chao Suhungmung was the first Ahom king to adopt a Hindu title, indicating a move towards inclusive polity. Which Hindu name did he take? (Assam related Qs)

Swarganarayana
Durlavnarayana
Udyaditya Singha
Jayadhwaj Singha

Correct Option: (A) Swarganarayana

Suhungmung was the first Ahom king to adopt a Hindu title, Swarganarayana, indicating a move towards an inclusive polity; and Ahom kings came to be known as the Swargadeo which is the Assamese translation of Ahom word Chao-Pha. He is also called the Dihingia Raja, because he made Bakata on the Dihing River his capital.[2] Suhungmung was the last progenitor Ahom king (all subsequent kings were his descendants).

Topic to focus: Ahom Kingdom & its rulers

Q79. Who was the ruler of Kashmir at the time of India’s independence?

Farooq Abdullah
Sheikh Abdullah
Karan Singh
Hari Singh

Correct Option: (D) Hari Singh

Topic to focus: Rulers in Modern India

Q80. The brave Assamese lady warrior Mula Gabharu died fighting against (Assam related Qs)

Mir Jumla
Det Chung
Turbak Khan
Mirza Nathan

Correct Option: (C) Turbak Khan

Topic to focus: Islamic invasion of Assam

Q81. Who was the first Assamese to fight the British? (Assam related Qs)

Kushal Konwar
Piyoli Phukan
Maniram Dewan
Gomdhar Konwar

Correct Option: (D) Gomdhar Konwar

In 1828, Gomdhar Konwar, a prince of the Ahom royal family, his colleague Dhanjay Borgohain and their followers rose in revolt against the British occupation of Assam.

By end of 1828 the process extension of British dominion into Assam was completed. With the assumption of the political power by the officers of the East India Company, the ruling Ahom monarchy lost not only their political authority but social privileges too. The feudal structure of the society began to crumble as new measures were adopted by the colonial rulers to strip the nobility of their rights and privileges. Supporters of monarchy began the organize themselves the restore the old Ahom monarchy and oust the British.

Gomdhar was formally enthroned near Jorhat according to Ahom rites, and arms and ammunitions were collected. But before he could make much headway a counter offensive was made by the British led by Lieutenant Rutherford. The rebels lost and Gomdhar fled to the Naga Hills. But, soon he and his associates were arrested by the British. Gomdhar was found guilty of “illegally assuming the Insignia of Royalty” and was sentenced to seven years of imprisonment in banishment and was deported to an unknown location to die in ignominy.

Topic to focus: Freedom Fighters of Assam

Q88. The ‘English Education Act’ made English language the medium of instruction in India as per decision of William Bentinck, and funds were allocated to the British East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. When was the Act passed?

1835
1838
1840
1842

Correct Option: (A) 1835

The English Education Act 1835 was a legislative Act of the Council of India, gave effect to a decision in 1835 by Lord William Bentinck, then Governor-General of the British East India Company, to reallocate funds it was required by the British Parliament to spend on education and literature in India.

Topic to focus: British Rule & Important Legislations/Acts

Q89. While Rabindranath Tagore conferred the title ‘Mahatma’ upon Gandhi, who conferred the title of ‘Half-Naked Fakir’ on Gandhi?

Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Sir Winston Churchill
President Roosevelt
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

Correct Option: (B) Winston Churchill

Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once called Mahatma Gandhi “a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir… striding half-naked up the steps of the Viceregal Palace.” Churchill was unhappy at Gandhi’s participation at the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931. Churchill even suggested Gandhi should be allowed to die if he goes on hunger strike.

Topic to focus: Mahatma Gandhi & India’s Freedom Struggle

Q90. Who authored the famous book, Indica?

Alexander Cunnigham
Fahien
Megasthenes
Pliny

Correct Option: (C) Megasthenes

Indica is an account of Mauryan India by the Greek writer Megasthenes. The original work is now lost, but its fragments have survived in later Greek and Latin works. The earliest of these works are those by Diodorus Siculus, Strabo (Geographica), Pliny, and Arrian (Indica).

Topic to focus: Ancient Indian Literature

Q91. Aruna Asaf Ali was one of the prominent organisers of the underground activities during the

Civil Disobedience Movement
Quit India Movement
Swadeshi Movement
Temple Entry Movement

Correct Option: (B) Quit India Movement. (Repeated Qs from 2016)

Aruna Asaf Ali was an Indian educator, political activist, and publisher. An active participant in the Indian independence movement, she is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan, Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post-independence, she remained active in politics, becoming Delhi’s first Mayor.

APSC Prelim 2016 GS Paper – Solved Question Paper – AssamExam

Topic to focus: Freedom Fighters of India

Q92. Identify the national leader and efficient administrator who played an extraordinary role in the integration of Indian states.

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Jawaharlal Nehru
Rajendra Prasad
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Correct Option: (D) Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel

Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was an Indian barrister, and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress who played a leading role in the country’s struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. He was one of the conservative members of the Indian National Congress. He acted as Home Minister during the political integration of India and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.

Topic to focus: Political integration of India

Observations

Total Fifteen Questions from History Sections

Eight Questions were related to Assam History

Go to APSC CCE Prelim Previous Years Paper Analysis

APSC Mains 2020 History (Paper II) Question paper

Posted on March 3, 2022December 29, 2022 by admin

APSC Mains 2020 History (Paper I) Question paper

Section – A

Q1. Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words each: 10×5=50

(a) “It was Afonso de Albuquerque who laid the real foundation of Portuguese power in India.” (b) The Partition of Bengal (1905) caused a tremendous political agitation which stirred national feelings in India to its very depths.”

(c) The boycott of the Simon Commission provided a great opportunity for the restoration of amity between the different communities and political parties.”

(d) “It is high time that the safety valve theory… was confined to the care of the Mahatmas from whom perhaps it originated!”

(e) “There is ample evidence to show that many individual communists were swayed by the patriotic emotions of the day and actively participated in the Quit India Movement.”

Q2. (a) What do you mean by the term ‘commercialization’ of agriculture? What impact did it have upon the economy of India? 10+10=20

(b) Discuss the development of railways in colonial India. 15

Q3. (a) Make a critical assessment on different stages of the growth of modern education in India during the colonial administration. 20

(b) Critically analyze the role of the Asiatic Society of Bengal towards understanding India’s cultural and traditional part. 15

(c) The Montague-Chelmsford Act ‘made a clear division of the functions of the Central and Provincial Governments’. Comment. 15

Q4. (a) To what extent has the Policy of Reservation been successful in ameliorating the problems of backward castes and tribes in Independent India? 20

(b) Examine the growth and activities of the Muslim League. 15

Section – B

Q5. Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words each : 10×5=50

(a) By 1830 England had all the prerequisites for the rapid growth of large-scale factory production.”

(b) “The Third German Empire was essentially a Nazi dictatorship.”

(d) “Neither poverty nor disease but work itself which casts the blackest shadow over the years of the Industrial Revolution.”

(e) “The Second World War was essentially a war of revenge initiated by Germany.”

Q6. (a) What were the major causes of the French Revolution of 1789? 20

(b) Globalization had both positive as well as negative impact upon the society. Comment. 15

Q7. (a) Describe how imperialism and colonization led to the Partition of Africa. 20

(b) Alliances and counter-alliances ultimately led to the outbreak of World War 1. Explain. 15

Q8. (a) Discuss the circumstances leading to the American Revolution. 20

(b) What were the circumstances that contributed to the Cold War rivalry after 1945? 15

(c) The emergence of the Dr. Ho Chi Minh in the North Vietnam and the withdrawal of France from the South East Asia led to the American involvement in the region. Explain. 15

APSC Mains 2020 History (Paper I) Question paper

Posted on March 2, 2022December 29, 2022 by admin

APSC Mains 2020 History (Paper I) Question paper

Section – A

Q1. Identify the following places marked on the map supplied to you and write a short note of about 50 words on the historical importance of each of them. Locational hints for each of the places marked on the map are given below seriatim : 50

(A) Capital of the Dimasa kingdom

(B) A place of Satras and tribal culture

(D) Easternmost important limit of Mughal incursion

(E) Popularly known as ‘Gupta Kashi’

(F) A place of ancient temple ruins and mythology

(G) Site of a famous battle with the Mughals

(H) A place of pilgrimage and religious syncretism

(I) Archaeological site with Hindu, Jain and Buddhist remains

(J) Last capital of an important kingdom

Q2. (a) Examine the importance of numismatics in the reconstruction of the history of early India with special reference to Gupta Coins. 20

(b) Examine the importance of Arthashastra in understanding Mauryan polity. 15

(c) Discuss the significance of painted grey ware’ culture to understand the cultural mosaic of North India in the first millennium BC. 15

Q3. (a) Analyze the archaeological evidence regarding the extent of megalithic cultures in Eastern and Northeastern India. 20

(b) Explain the social implications of Buddha’s teachings in the context of the social structure of North India in the 6th and 5th C BC. 15

Q4. (a) Examine the relationship between the land grant system and emergence of feudalism under the Guptas and Vakatakas. 20

(b) The period C 300-600 CE is often described as the ‘classical age of Sanskrit literature. Examine the development of Sanskrit literature during this period. 15

Section – B

Q5. (a) Explain the salient features of the State under the Delhi Sultanate with reference to Fakhr-i-Mudabbir and Ziya Barani’s texts. 10

(b) Examine the impact of West Asian and Central Asian traditions in the development of administrative structures and institutions in the early. period of the Sultanate rule in Northern India. 15

(d) What were the significant changes introduced by Mahmud Gawan in the Bahmani kingdom? 10

Q6. (a) Discuss the various aspects of price-control measures of Alauddin Khalji. 15

(b) Analyze the administrative reforms undertaken during the reign of Pratap Singha (1603-41 CE). 15

Q7. (a) Examine the socio-economic roots of popular monotheistic movements represented by Kabir and Nanak. 20

(b) Examine the contexts and the impact of the revolts by the Jats, Satnamis and the Sikhs at the time of Aurangzeb. 15

(c) “The ‘Jagirdari crisis’ had both an administrative and a social basis.” Explain the statement in the context of the decline of the Mughals. 15

Q8. (a) Discuss the social context of the emergence of women Bhakts (saints) in medieval Indian society during the Bhakti Movement. 20

(b Discuss the Mughal school of painting. 15

Important Acts during British Rule in India (1773-1858) – APSC Indian History Notes

Posted on February 19, 2022February 19, 2022 by admin

Important Acts during British Rule in India (1773-1858)

Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

British East India Company, established as a trading company in 1600, transformed into a ruling body in 1765. Only after the Battle of Buxar, the company got the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa regions and gradually, it started interfering in Indian affairs. The period from 1765-72 saw duality in the system of government where the Company had the authority but no responsibility. The company was collecting excessive revenue and this led to oppression of peasantry. There was rampant corruption among employees of the company. The British government decided to regulate the British East India Company with a gradual increase in laws. The company rule ended in 1858 in the aftermath of the Revolt of 1857. Since then, the British Parliament took over the responsibility of administering India.

Important Acts introduced by British India Govt between 1773 and 1858

Regulating Act, 1773

First step taken by the British government to control and regulate the affairs of East India Company. It recognized for the first time, the political and administrative functions of the company and laid the foundation of central administration in India.
Through this act, for the first time, the British cabinet was given the right to exercise control over Indian affairs.
This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company.
The Act changed the post of Governor of Bengal to “Governor-General of Bengal”. Warren Hastings was made the first Governor-General of Bengal.
The administration in Bengal was to be carried out by the governor-general and a Governor-Executive General’s Council consisting of 4 members was established.
Centralizing administration started from this act. It made the governors of Madras and Mumbai presidencies subordinate to the Governor-General of Bengal.
A Supreme Court of judicature was to be established in Bengal along with appellate jurisdictions where all subjects could seek redressal. It comprised one chief justice and three other judges. In 1774, the Supreme Court was created as the Apex Court in Calcutta.
It barred the servants of the company from engaging in private trade and accepting bribes. Court of directors of EIC were required to report on revenue, civil and military affairs in India.

Amending Act of 1781

The act was primarily passed to rectify the defects associated with the regulating act.
Jurisdiction of the Supreme court was restricted just to Calcutta.
Civil servants working in their official capacity, revenue collectors, judicial officers were exempted from the jurisdiction of the court.
Under the Regulating Act, the Governor General in Council was empowered to issue rules, ordinances and regulations but they were to be registered in the Supreme Court.
The key provision of this Act was to demarcate the relations between the Supreme Court and the Governor-General in Council. It was the first attempt in India towards separation of the executive from the judiciary by defining the respective areas of jurisdiction.

Pitt’s India Act, 1784

It established the dual system of control by the British government and the East India Company. The Company became a subordinate department of the State and its territories in India were termed ‘British possessions’.
British government was given the supreme control over Company’s affairs and its administration in India
The Court of Directors was in charge of the company’s economic activities, while the Board of Control was in charge of the company’s political concerns.
A Board of Control was formed to exercise control over the Company’s civil, military and revenue affairs.
The council of governor-general was reduced to three members including the commander-in-chief. In 1786, Lord Cornwallis was granted the power of both the governor-general and the commander-in-chief.
In Madras and Bombay, Governor’s Councils were constituted.

Charter Act, 1813

Napoleonic wars and the miseries it caused prompted the English traders to pressurize the government to end the monopoly in trade that EIC enjoyed. This demand was particularly in view of loss of trade due to the Continental System of Napoleon Bonaparte who sought to cripple England commercially.
It edded Company’s Monopoly, the Company was deprived of its commercial monopoly and ‘the undoubted sovereignty of the Crown’ over the possessions of the East India Company was laid down.
British merchants were allowed to trade in India under a strict licensing system under the Charter Act of 1813. But, the company was allowed to enjoy the monopoly of trade with China and trade in tea and opium.
The Crown’s control over British colonies in India was asserted by this Act.
A sum of Rs.1,00,000 annually was provided for the revival of literature, encouragement of learned Indian natives and promotion of scientific knowledge among the Indians. This was the first step towards acceptance of the principle of State responsibility for education.
The company’s rule was extended to another 20 years.
The act permitted Christian missionaries to propagate English and preach their religion.

Charter Act, 1833

The lease of 20 years provided to the Company (under Charter Act, 1813) for the possession of territories and the revenue collection was further extended. However, the Company’s monopoly over trade with China and in tea ended.
EIC’s commercial activities were ended, and it was converted into an administrative body.
All restrictions on European immigration and the acquisition of property in India were lifted which paved the way for the wholesale European colonisation of India.
The post name of Governor-General of Bengal was converted into “Governor-General of India”. He was given the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military affairs of the Company. It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras to make laws. All law making powers now vested with the Governor-General of India. All revenues were raised under his authority and he had complete control over the expenditure too.
William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India.
A Law Commission was established under this act for the consolidation and codification of Indian Laws. Lord Macaulay was the first chairman of this commission
Lord Macaulay was the first to be appointed as the fourth ordinary member to the Governor-General’s Council for India who was to be a legal expert in the making of laws.

Charter Act, 1853

The Company’s patronage over the services was dissolved and the Civil services were now thrown open to a competitive examination.
Local representation was introduced in the legislative wing which came to be known as the Indian Legislative Council. However, promulgation of a law required the assent of the governor-general who could veto any Bill of the legislative council.
It provided for the separation of executive and legislative functions of the Governor-General’s legislative Council.
The Act provided for the appointment of a separate governor for the Bengal Presidency.
The Macaulay Committee on Civil Service was appointed in 1854.

Government of India Act, 1858

This Act was a resultant of the 1857 Revolt, which had exposed the Company’s limitations in administering under a complex situation.
It ended the Company Rule. The dual system introduced by the Pitt’s India Act came to an end and India was to be governed by and in the name of the Crown through a secretary of state and a council of 15.
The title of Governor-general of India was replaced with the Viceroy, he was appointed directly by the British government. The first Viceroy of India was Lord Canning.

Lord Cornwallis (Governor-General, 1786-93) was the first to bring into existence and organise the civil services. He abolished the District Fauzdari Courts and established circuit courts at Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna. Under the Cornwallis Code:

There was a separation of revenue and justice administration.
European subjects were also brought under jurisdiction.
Government officials were answerable to the civil courts for actions done in their official capacity.
The principle of sovereignty of law was established.

William Bentinck (Governor-General, 1828-1833) abolished the four Circuit Courts and transferred their functions to the Collectors.

He established a Sadar Diwani Adalat and a Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Allahabad for the convenience of the people of Upper Provinces.
The English language replaced Persian as the official language of courts.
A Civil Procedure Code (1859), an Indian Penal Code (1860) and a Criminal Procedure Code (1861) were prepared as a result of the codification of laws.

Indian National Congress Sessions before Independence (Modern History of India) – APSC Notes

Posted on January 14, 2021January 14, 2021 by admin

Indian National Congress (INC) Sessions before Independence

Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha. Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885.

Year	Location	President	Importance
1885	Bombay	W C Bonnerjee	1st session attended by 72 delegates
1886	Calcutta	Dadabhai Naoroji	National Congress and National Conference
1887	Madras	Syed Badruddin Tyabji
1888	Allahabad	George Yule	First English president
1889	Bombay	Sir William Wedderburn	–
1890	Calcutta	Feroz Shah Mehta	–
1891	Nagpur	P. Ananda Charlu	–
1892	Allahabad	W C Bonnerjee	–
1893	Lahore	Dadabhai Naoroji	–
1894	Madras	Alfred Webb	–
1895	Poona	Surendranath Banerjee	–
1896	Calcutta	Rahimtullah M. Sayani	National song ‘Vande Mataram’ sung for the first time
1897	Amravati	C. Sankaran Nair	–
1898	Madras	Ananda Mohan Bose	–
1899	Lucknow	Romesh Chandra Dutt	–
1900	Lahore	N G Chandavarkar	–
1901	Calcutta	Dinshaw E. Wacha	–
1902	Ahmedabad	Surendranath Banerjee	–
1903	Madras	Lal Mohan Ghosh	–
1904	Bombay	Sir Henry Cotton	–
1905	Benares	Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1906	Calcutta	Dadabhai Naoroji	The word ‘Swaraj’ was mentioned for the first time
1907	Surat	Rash Behari Ghosh	Party splits into extremists and moderates
1908	Madras	Rash Behari Ghosh
1909	Lahore	Madan Mohan Malaviya	Indian Councils Act, 1909
1910	Allahabad	Sir William Wedderburn	–
1911	Calcutta	Bishan Narayan Dhar	‘Jana Gana Mana’ sung for the first time
1912	Bankipore (Patna)	Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar	–
1913	Karachi	Syed Mohammed	–
1914	Madras	Bhupendra Nath Basu	–
1915	Bombay	Satyendra Prasanna Sinha	–
1916	Lucknow	Ambica Charan Mazumdar	Lucknow Pact – joint session with the Muslim League
1917	Calcutta	Annie Besant	First woman president of the INC
1918	Bombay And Delhi	Syed Hasan Imam (Bombay) And Madan Mohan Malaviya (Delhi)	Two sessions were held. First in Bombay in August/September Second in Delhi in December
1919	Amritsar	Motilal Nehru
1920	Nagpur	C Vijayaraghavachariar	–

1921	Ahmedabad	Hakim Ajmal Khan (acting President For C R Das)	–
1922	Gaya	C R Das	–
1923	Kakinada	Maulana Mohammad Ali,	–
1924	Belgaum	M K Gandhi	–
1925	Kanpur	Sarojini Naidu	First Indian woman president
1926	Guwahati	S Srinivasa Iyengar	–
1927	Madras	M A Ansari	–
1928	Calcutta	Motilal Nehru	All India Youth Congress formed
1929	Lahore	Jawaharlal Nehru	Resolution for ‘Poorna Swaraj.’ Civil Disobedience movement for complete independence to be launched, 26 January to be observed as ‘Independence Day’.
1930	No Session	–	–
1931	Karachi	Vallabhbhai Patel	Resolution on fundamental rights and national economic progress. Gandhi-Irwin pact endorsed. Gandhi nominated to represent INC in the second round table conference
1932	Delhi	Amrit Ranchhorddas Seth	–
1933	Calcutta	Malaviya Was Elected But Mrs Nellie Sengupta Presided	–
1934	Bombay	Rajendra Prasad	–
1936	Lucknow	Jawaharlal Nehru	–
1936	Faizpur	Jawaharlal Nehru	First rural session/first session to be held in a village
1938	Haripura	Subhas Chandra Bose	National Planning Committee set up under Nehru
1939	Tripuri	Subhas Chandra Bose	Bose was elected but had to resign since Gandhi supported Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Rajendra Prasad was appointed
1940	Ramgarh	Abul Kalam Azad	–
1946	Meerut	Acharya Kripalani	Last session before independence

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam History) – APSC Exam Notes

Posted on October 26, 2020March 27, 2024 by admin

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam & North-East India History) – APSC, UPSC and State Exams Notes

Go To Assam History Notes & Study Materials Page Go To History Notes

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 – Modern History of Assam

The people of Rangia, in the district of Kamrup following the footsteps of the Phulguri peasants very soon lodged their protests, organizing Raij Mels. The cause of their protest was a hundred percent increase in the land revenue.
In 1892, Sir William Ward, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, augmented the rates of revenue on land in the new settlement to 70 to 80% and sometime even 100%. Despite the decreasing production rate of crops, there was no respite from the proposed rate of assessment on land. Even going ahead, Colonial apparatus forcibly realized taxes from the impoverished peasantry.
Seeing such deplorable and awkward position of the people, the Keyas intensified their exploitation scale. The People also fell in their trap. The people, when finally understood the motives of the Keyas, started to ventilate their grievances not only against the government but also against them which found expression with the looting of the Rangia bazaar by a crowd of 200 to 250 people, mostly of Kacharis, on 24 December, 1893.
In the evening of 24 December, when the Peasants returning from Belagaon mel near Rangia, they gutted down the huts at the Rangia bazaar and threatened a Keya shopkeeper that his shop would be looted on 30 December as their presence had increased the revenue burden on land.
On 30 December, 1893, there was a massive gathering at Rangia where about 2500 to 3000 people participated. This massive gathering held demonstration all the night and threatened destruction of the Thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow.

Threatening of destruction of thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow was taken seriously by the government and armed-police was summoned to stop it but failed completely.
On 6th January, 1893, R.B. McCabe, the Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup arrived at Rangia with a Police Party under Padmaram Kachari, the daroga and arrested some persons alleged to have been implicated in the incident of 24 December, 1893. The arrests, however, did not prevent the people from further attacks. On 10 to 17 Jan, 1894, a large crowd of about three thousand gathered at near Rangia Thana. Castes and tribes coming from far-flung villages like Koch, Kalita, Saloi, Kaivarta, Namasudra, Nath, Napit, Sonari, Baishya, Bania, Bodo-Kacharis and Muslims assembled at Kadamtal Pandarthan and took decision and began to march towards Rangia. The tribal farmers along-with their counterparts in other communities took part in it. They, with cries of ‘we won’t pay at the increased rate’ started coming closer to Rangia Thana.
They were asked by the Deputy Commissioner to disperse but they refused his order and even dared to release forcibly of their comrades – Praneswar Goswami (Kon), Abhay Choudhury, Kirti Lahkar, Joltiram Kalita, Muktaram Bayan Kalita, Rahmat Khalipha, Parashuram Baro who were detained and locked-up at the time of submitting memorandum to Deputy Commissioner for decrease of the rate of revenue
Disobedience of order compelled Me Cabe to open fire on the gatherings which forced them to retreat. In response to the violent outbursts, the Colonial government effected a reign of terror.
Finally, notices were issued for the maintenance of peace and hannony and the leaders of the affected areas were appointed as special constables. All licensed guns in Rangia, Barama, Nalbari and Bajali tahsils were seized.
McCabe imposed a ban on holding any Mel All the important leaders of the revolt were soon arrested by the police and the revolt lost its edge.

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